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There’s always a penalty for having additional weight on a car, and not just from a performance point of view. A study in the US shows that consumers in the country burned an extra 378 million litres (100 million gallons) of fuel last year because of an extra item on the car.

The culprit? Roof racks, according to research carried out by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab). A study conducted by researcher Alan Meier, working with Yuche Chen of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, estimated the fuel consumption penalty of this popular and fast-growing vehicle add-on.

They found that in 2015, roof racks were responsible for 0.8% of light-duty vehicle fuel consumption in the country, translating to around 100 million gallons, or almost one percent of the national fuel consumption. That figure is going to climb, the study adds. The usage of roof racks in the US is expected to go up by 200% by 2040.

Use of roof racks requires vehicles to expend more energy due to aerodynamic drag – depending on the configuration, the fuel consumption penalty can be up to 25% on passenger cars. The authors say that the additional fuel consumption caused by roof racks is about six times larger than anticipated fuel savings from fuel cell vehicles and 40% of anticipated fuel savings from EV vehicles in 2040.

The study said there were ways to mitigate the effects. For example, roof racks with greatly improved aerodynamics will help, and a policy to require energy labelling of roof racks could spur greater changes, the researchers note. Even greater energy savings would come from making easier to remove roof racks, so they can be stored when not in use.

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